What is specific and nonspecific defense?
What is specific and nonspecific defense?
Immunity from disease is actually conferred by two cooperative defense systems, called nonspecific, innate immunity and specific, acquired immunity. Nonspecific protective mechanisms repel all microorganisms equally, while the specific immune responses are tailored to particular types of invaders.
What is the difference between specific and non specific responses?
Specific immune response is generated for a particular pathogen while nonspecific immune response is common for all types of pathogens. Thus, the main difference between specific and nonspecific immune response is the specificity of the immune response towards the pathogen.
What is a specific defense?
Specific defense (sometimes called adaptive immunity) recognizes and coordinates attacks against specific pathogens. The system can also remember pathogens and produce a powerful response the next time a pathogen enters the body. There are two types of specific defense.
What is a non specific Defence?
Nonspecific defenses include physical and chemical barriers, the inflammatory response, and interferons. Physical barriers include the intact skin and mucous membranes. An example of such a substance is lysozyme, an enzyme present in tears that destroys the cell membranes of certain bacteria.
What are non specific responses?
The non-specific response is a generalized response to pathogen infections involving the use of several white blood cells and plasma proteins. Non-specific immunity, or innate immunity, is the immune system with which you were born, made up of phagocytes and barriers.
What are examples of nonspecific immunity?
Whereas only vertebrates have specific immune responses, all animals have some type of nonspecific defense. Examples of nonspecific defenses include physical barriers, protein defenses, cellular defenses, inflammation, and fever.
Is mucus specific or nonspecific?
The mucus layer forms a physical barrier that entraps foreign particles and carries them out of the body; it also contains nonspecific inhibitors (see following section). The mucus barrier is not absolute, however, since sufficient quantities of many viruses can overwhelm it and infect by this route.
What mobilizes our nonspecific defense system?
coating the surface of microbes, thus making it easier for macrophages to phagocytize them. The rat has, or recently had, a viral infection. Which of the following mobilizes our nonspecific defense system? Returning tissue fluid to the circulatory system and fighting infections.
Is passive immunity specific or nonspecific?
Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the foetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals.
Are interferons specific or nonspecific?
Instead, they stimulate adjacent cells to produce substances that inhibit the replication of viruses in those cells. Interferons produced in response to one virus will protect against many other types of viruses, and for this reason, interferon is considered a nonspecific form of defense.
Why is your skin considered a nonspecific form of defense?
This nonspecific (innate) defense is found in the lining of the respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary tracts. They trap microbes and keep them out of the body. Secretions of these skin glands contain chemicals that weaken or kill bacteria on the skin. It is part of the body’s nonspecific (innate) defenses.
Is a cough reflex specific or nonspecific?
Cough is an intrinsic protective reflex.
What are three nonspecific internal defenses?
Three nonspecific internal defenses include standing armies of phagocytic and natural killer cells, the inflammatory response, and fever.
Are B cells specific or nonspecific?
Specific immunity, also known as adaptive immunity, is specialized immunity for particular pathogens. Helper T-cells, cytotoxic T-cells, and B-cells are involved in specific immunity. The non-specific cells, like macrophages, tell the T- and B-cells that an intruder is present.
What is the body’s second line of defense?
The second line of defense is nonspecific resistance that destroys invaders in a generalized way without targeting specific individuals: Phagocytic cells ingest and destroy all microbes that pass into body tissues. For example macrophages are cells derived from monocytes (a type of white blood cell).
What are the two kinds of body defenses?
The system can be divided into two types of defense systems: the innate immune system, which is nonspecific toward a particular kind of pathogen, and the adaptive immune system, which is specific (Figure 12.8).
Is active immunity specific?
Adaptive immunity protects an organism from a specific pathogen. Adaptive immunity is further broken down into two subgroups: active immunity and passive immunity.
Which best describes active immunity?
Active immunity refers to the process of exposing the body to an antigen to generate an adaptive immune response: the response takes days/weeks to develop but may be long lasting—even lifelong.
Is active immunity permanent?
Active immunity is usually permanent. The individual is protected from the disease all their life. Active immunity is in contrast to passive immunity which results from the transfer to an individual of antibodies produced by another individual.
Why is active immunity long lasting?
Active immunity is long term (sometimes lifelong) because memory cells with antigen-binding affinity maturation are produced during the lymphocyte differentiation and proliferation that occurs during the formation of an adaptive immune response.
What’s the difference between active and passive immunity?
While active immunity occurs when an individual produces antibodies to a disease through his or her own immune system, passive immunity is provided when a person is given antibodies.
What vaccines are passive immunity?
FDA approved products for passive immunization and immunotherapy
| Disease | Product | Source |
|---|---|---|
| Hepatitis B | Hepatitis B Ig | human |
| ITP, Kawasaki disease, IgG deficiency | Pooled human IgG | human serum |
| Rabies | Rabies Ig | human |
| Tetanus | Tetanus Ig | human |