What muscles attach to nuchal lines?
What muscles attach to nuchal lines?
Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached, the splenius capitis muscle, the trapezius muscle, and the occipitalis.
What do the nuchal lines indicate about an individual?
Forensic anthropologists for sex identification use nuchal lines. Nuchal lines are a bony horizontal ridge on the external surface of the occipital bone. Together with external occipital protuberance various nuchal lines forms the area for the muscle attachment between the neck and the shoulders.
Where does the nuchal ligament originate?
It originates from the transverse process and crosses between 4 and 6 vertebra to attach in the spinous process. [1] Multifidus Multifidus muscle lies deep to the semispinalis and spans the whole length of the vertebral column, it is most developed in the lumbar region.
What does nuchal mean?
: of, relating to, or lying in the region of the nape.
Does nuchal translucency go away?
Studies have shown that in normal fetuses the fluid collection known as NT increases with gestational age until about 13 weeks’ gestation3 and usually disappears after 14 weeks3, 4.
Can a nuchal test determine gender?
It does screen for an increase in chromosomes 21, 18, and 13. It also can detect the gender of baby. It does not screen for all chromosomes.
Can a thick nuchal fold go away?
An abnormally thickened nuchal fold or even a cystic hygroma may resolve, especially toward the third trimester; however, the risk of karyotypic abnormalities is not reduced.
Does a thickened nuchal fold always mean Down syndrome?
Abstract. Many studies have shown that a thickened nuchal fold in a second-trimester fetus is a sonographic sign suggestive of a high risk for Down syndrome. These series have included fetuses already at risk for aneuploidy because of advanced maternal age or abnormal maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels.
How common is thickened nuchal fold?
According to the practice bulletin concerning fetal aneuploidy screening published by the American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, the likely ratio (LR) for thickened nuchal fold (TNF) is 11 to 18.6.
How accurate is nuchal fold test?
NT results by themselves have an accuracy rate of about 70 percent. That means that the test misses 30 percent of babies with Down syndrome or other chromosome disorders. Including the NT as part of a first trimester combined screening improves detection to between 83 and 92 percent.
What is the normal range for nuchal fold thickness?
The nuchal fold thickness is considered normal if under 5mm between 16 and 18 weeks gestation and under 6mm between 18 and 24 weeks gestation. An increased thickness corresponds to increased risk for aneuploidy and other fetal abnormalities.
What does Down syndrome look like on ultrasound?
Certain features detected during a second trimester ultrasound exam are potential markers for Down’s syndrome, and they include dilated brain ventricles, absent or small nose bone, increased thickness of the back of the neck, an abnormal artery to the upper extremities, bright spots in the heart, ‘bright’ bowels, mild …